Freedom

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I'm Jacob Goldstein. I used to host Planet Money. Now, I'm starting a new show. It's called What's Your Problem? Every week on What's Your Problem, entrepreneurs and engineers describe the future they're going to build.

once they solve a few problems. I'm talking to people trying to figure out how to do things that no one on the planet knows how to do, from creating a drone delivery business to building a car that can truly drive itself. Listen to What's Your Problem on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hey, fam. I'm Simone Boyce. And I'm Danielle Robay. And we're the hosts of The Bright Side, the podcast from Hello Sunshine. that's guaranteed to light up your day.

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These are incredible essays on everything from the history of cryogenics to the Silicon Valley gospel of disruption. And at the end of each essay, I interview Jill about her craft as a writer. You can listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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But in recent years, the legitimacy of the celebration has come under attack. Many believe we need two separate holidays to truly recognize American freedom. What do you say, Ms. Opelie, to those who question why Juneteenth even needs to be a federal holiday when this country already has July 4th?

I'm Patrick Karelchik.

The truth.

Welcome to Red Pilled America.

So, does America really need two freedom holidays? To find the answer, we tell the story of the Declaration of Independence, and how the documents rise to prominence settles the debate on the need for two freedom holidays.

So, I did a little digging and found an expert on fireworks, Steve Hauser, president of the National Fireworks Association, the largest fireworks trade association in the United States. Before I interviewed Steve, I did a little research on the industry and learned that almost all of U.S. consumer fireworks, the same things that we use to celebrate America's birthday, come from outside of the country. I asked Steve about that. Maybe there was a story in there somewhere.

I just couldn't imagine the actual cost.

Do you know anything about that?

If you go all the way back to the founding of the United States, it was the 2nd of July.

That was when the country effectively got their independence. So the 4th, I'm not really sure how it moved from the 2nd to the 4th. But, yeah, if you go all the way back, clear, back into those times, it was the day has passed, the 2nd day of July, 1776, and moved it to the 4th at some point. I'm not exactly sure when it happened.

And that's when our journey took a completely unexpected turn. Is the entire country celebrating American freedom on the wrong day? I mean, it appeared to be coming from someone that would know, because Steve mentioned John Adams being the authority on the subject. John Adams was one of America's foremost founding fathers, the first VP of the United States, and the country's second president. I had to dig into this, and what I found made a surprising impact on my feelings about Juneteenth.

In 1765, Great Britain started imposing a series of acts designed to extract revenue from the 13 colonies. The Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, the Townshend Acts, all taxes that imposed new financial burdens on the colonists who claimed the crown was imposing taxation without representation.

Anger amongst the colonists exploded in 1770 when British soldiers opened fire on an unruly group of Bostonians that were frustrated about British soldiers occupying their streets. The event became known as the Boston Massacre. The crisis escalated in 1773 after a group of colonists dumped British tea into the Boston harbor to protest a new tax on tea. In response, King George III increased his military presence in Boston, shutting off the city's harbor until the rebel colonists agreed to pay for the tea they destroyed. By 1775, the Massachusetts colony was in open rebellion against the mother country.

And the king now had a real problem on his hands. He thought that the welfare of Great Britain turned on its continuing to hold its American colonies. That's the late Pauline Mayer, a historian and author of American Scripture, a book that's been called the definitive statement on the Declaration of Independence. The colonies had become a major purchaser of British goods. That was clear.

They had surpassed the West Indies, who were always the preferred colonies earlier on. But the Americans had come to import far more British goods. So he thought if we lose the American colonies, that was his greatest nightmare. If we lose the American colonies, we shall sink back into obscurity and be just a small, insignificant island once again. So he wanted to be severe in making sure that didn't happen.

To address the rising tension, 12 of the 13 colonies formed the First Continental Congress in September 1774.

. The delegates agreed on an economic boycott of British goods and submitted a list of grievances to the king for remedy. They adjourned on October 26, 1774, but resolved that if the British Parliament refused to address their grievances, they'd meet again a few months later.

But the king's intentions soon became clear. On April 18, 1775, British troops marched on Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, effectively kicking off the American Revolutionary War. By the time the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia. just three weeks later, the 13 American colonies were in complete disarray. Again, the late Pauline Mayer.

There are 13 colonies who are uniting for independence.

The government is in a state of disarray. Some of these colonies still have their colonial governments in place, but not very many. In one colony after another, revolutionary governments have taken the place of the regular official crown government. And they normally took the form of an elected legislature, which wasn't called a legislature if it was extra legal, be it a convention or a congress. So these bodies of elected delegates, if you will, of the people, were the operational government in most colonies.

Now, a couple still have the old legal governments again, of course. So it's a kind of a mishmash. But all of these colonies are sending delegations to the Continental Congress. The Second Continental Congress was first convened right after Lexington and Concord on May 10, 1775.. It's a kind of a jerry-built institution.

It isn't meant to be a government. It becomes the first government of the United States. But the delegates who were elected there probably thought they were going to be like the members of the First Continental Congress, just come together to discuss the situation, to see what could be done, to make some grand policy statements. And they probably expected they'd be able to go home in under two months like the delegates to the First Congress. But the situation's entirely changed as a result of Lexington and Concord.

The Congress finds itself de facto the government of, for all practical purposes, a nation at war. So very soon they have to make decisions for the military. They're making decisions for Indian affairs. One topic after another falls on their agenda. And they become, in fact, the government of a country to be.

As the Second Continental Congress was hastily addressing one crisis after another, in October 1775, King George III gave a speech to Parliament that showed the colonists were going to be in for the fight of their lives.

But Common Sense said out loud what everyone was whispering, and in language that even the common man could understand. Common Sense is thought to have galvanized the revolutionary idea of independence already spreading amongst the colonists.

Again, Pauline Mayer. Common Sense is published at a point where the information arriving in America is starting to make the Congress think, you know, maybe that's where we're going. With the idea of independence coursing through the colonies' veins, on May 15, 1776,, a revolutionary Virginia convention passed a resolution giving their delegates at the Second Continental Congress the authority to propose independence for the American colonies. About three weeks later, on June 7, 1776,, the Virginian delegate, Richard Henry Lee, walked onto the floor of Congress and, just as his colony instructed him to do, he proposed a resolution that read, quote,

It came to be known as the Lee Resolution. The delegate from Massachusetts, John Adams, who had been tirelessly working to bring independence to a vote, seconded the resolution. And a debate erupted among the gathered delegates. This is when things started to get interesting. Hi, everyone.

It's me, Katie Couric. If you follow me on social media, you know I love to cook, or at least try, especially alongside some of my favorite chefs and foodies, like Benny Blanco, Jake Cohen, Leidy Hoyt, Alison Roman, and, of course, Ina Garten and Martha Stewart. So I started a free newsletter called Good Taste that comes out every Thursday, and it's serving up recipes that will make your mouth water. Think a candied bacon, Bloody Mary, tacos with cabbage slaw, curry, cauliflower with almonds and mint, and cherry slab pie with vanilla ice cream. to top it all off.

I mean, yum. I'm getting hungry. But if you're not sold yet, we also have kitchen tips like a foolproof way to grill the perfect burger and must-have products like the best cast iron skillet. to feel like a chef in your own kitchen. All you need to do is sign up at katiecouric.com slash goodtaste.

That's K-A-T-I-E-C-O-U-R-I-C dot com. slash goodtaste. I promise your taste buds will be happy you did.

I'm Ben Adafafri, host of the history podcast The Last Archive, and I want to tell you about a new series running in our feed. It's called The Deadline, and it features six essays written and read by Jill Lepore, the New Yorker writer, American historian, and founding host of our show. These are incredible essays on everything from the history of cryogenics to the Silicon Valley gospel of disruption. And at the end of each essay, I interview Jill about her craft as a writer and how she's thinking about the themes of these essays. now.

We talk Frankenstein. We talk writing leads. We talk Barbie. We talk Doctor Who. This is a crazy origin story.

I don't think I've ever told this before. I really loved having these conversations with Jill, and it was a rare chance to talk to her about how she goes about reading, writing, and the work of history. You can listen to The Deadline on The Last Archive feed, on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

My name is Michael Wolff, and I'm the host of Fire & Fury, the podcast. Not too long ago, I saw Donald Trump, and he shouted, Hey, Michael, I made you rich. And the truth is, my three books about Trump, they have sold a lot of copies. It all started eight years ago. I found myself in Donald Trump's Beverly Hills home, sharing Häagen-Dazs ice cream with him.

I asked him, why was he running for president? And he answered, without missing a beat, Because I want to be the most famous man in the world. Since then, I've become a go-to person when Trump and those around him want to talk. And now, every week, I'm going to share those insider stories with you. Listen to Fire & Fury, the podcast, on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

I'm Jacob Goldstein. I used to host a show called Planet Money. Now, I'm starting a new show. It's called What's Your Problem? Every week, on What's Your Problem?

Entrepreneurs and engineers describe the future they're going to build. once they solve a few problems. How do you build a drone delivery business from scratch? Our customers, they want us to do this unbelievably reliably, in the storms, no matter what, hundreds of times a day. How do you turn a wild dream about a new kind of biology into a $10 billion company?

We didn't have a particular technology. We didn't have a way of making money. It was a great way to start a company. I highly recommend it.

How do you sell millions of dollars worth of dog ramps for wiener dogs in the middle of a pandemic? We're working with 400 influencers, and the majority of them are actually not a person, but it's actually a dog. I can tell you right now, the dog ramp guy has some very interesting problems. Listen to What's Your Problem? on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hey, fam. I'm Simone Boyce. I'm Danielle Robay. And we're the hosts of The Bright Side, the daily podcast from Hello Sunshine. that's guaranteed to light up your day.

Every weekday, we bring you conversations with the culture makers who inspire us. Like our recent episode with comedians, writers, and partners in life, Tig Notaro and Stephanie Allen. I felt like I discovered my sexuality late. I now look back and go, God, I wasn't that old. And I think people carry a lot of shame and guilt for not having figured things out, and then they feel like it's too late to start or try or change things.

And we both, I think, were really drawn to just that idea of going, you know what? You can do whatever you want, whenever, and your life will be forever greater for having done it. Listen to The Bright Side from Hello Sunshine on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

Netflix, Hulu, HBO, Max, Disney+, Apple TV, Amazon Prime, Showtime, Paramount, Paramount+, and on and on. What do these streaming services have in common? They are all storytelling platforms. Which of these platforms are you supporting with your hard-earned money? Now ask yourself if the stories being told on those platforms truly align with your worldview.

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But it was believed that several of the middle colonies were not yet on board with taking that radical step towards independence from Great Britain. Again, Pauline Mayer.

Well, these arguments were successful. Congress decided to give the hesitant colonies some time, around three weeks. However, anticipating that they'd eventually join the cause, Congress appointed a committee to draft a declaration so that, if the Lee resolution passed, the colonies would quickly announce their independence to the world. The drafting committee included Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Benjamin Franklin. This committee of five worked to put together a draft for what would come to be known as the Declaration of Independence.

Again, Pauline Mayer, author of American Scripture.

The committee seems to have met, outlined the document, pointed. the draftsman, intervened occasionally, said, would you change this or that?

That vote on July 2, 1776, is what would eventually create the United States of America, and John Adams is credited with being the primary force behind the momentous achievement.

Now that the colonies had voted for separation from Great Britain, the Declaration of That Independence became the next order of action. At the time, the Declaration of Independence was thought to simply be a public announcement of the monumental resolution that passed on July 2.. A few days earlier, the Committee of Five presented a draft of the Declaration to Congress. It incorporated the ideas of English philosopher John Locke, adapted texts from the Virginia Declaration of Rights written by George Mason, included ideas expressed in Thomas Paine's Common Sense, incorporated the text of the July 2 Lee Resolution, and also borrowed texts from Thomas Jefferson's previous writings. The culture at the time did not hold novelty in high regard.

The colonists more valued adaptation of the great thinkers of the era, and Thomas Jefferson didn't drift far from that cultural norm.

This was edited by Congress, and it emerged a much better document than the one that they received from the committee.

Scholars have established that the Declaration wasn't even signed on July 4 by all of the delegates. The majority of signatures came on August 2, 1776, and some even signed later than that.

Again, Pauline Mayer.

. It issues the Declaration on the 4th. After New York comes in, the Congress then says, aha, it is now the unanimous declaration of the United States of America and orders it put on parchment. It's only after it's on parchment and is brought back to Congress and on August 2 that they formally sign the document. Now, they don't always sign it on that date.

Some people came in later and said, I'd like to sign the Declaration of Independence. Congress doesn't actually circulate a copy of the document with signatures until January 1777.. Why? Well, this was a confession of treason. You were putting your head in the noose, and the war went very, very poorly in 1776..

Think of Washington losing on Long Island, retreating up Manhattan, retreating down the Jersey Coast, crossing the Delaware. Hey, it looked real bad until the end of the year.

So they celebrated it in Philadelphia the following day, on the 4th of July, and the date stuck.

Over the next few years, the actual day of American independence and the public declaration of it were melded into one. Celebrating the anniversary of independence on July 4, instead of the actual day it happened two days earlier, would slowly become a nationwide tradition. And how that happened is another eye-opening rabbit hole. From the late 1770s and throughout the 1780s, the celebration of Independence Day was not a widely adopted event. In fact, by the end of the American Revolutionary War in 1783, the anniversary of the country's birth wasn't universally celebrated.

But by the 1790s, that started to change.

A political rivalry began to emerge between John Adams' Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists wanted to build both an economic and diplomatic relationship with the British. In their eyes, the Declaration hurt those efforts because of its anti-crown rhetoric. At the same time, Thomas Jefferson was also building a narrative to place himself as the primary author of the Declaration. So, the Federalists didn't want to center an annual celebration of independence around a document many were beginning to believe was authored solely by their political rival.

So the Federalists celebrated independence with little mention of the Declaration. The Democratic-Republicans, on the other hand, seized on the Jefferson narrative.

Their party's newspapers featured Independence Day being on the 4th of July, with the Declaration at the center of its celebrations. In their eyes, it was an immortal document. The Democratic-Republicans were in a bitter conflict with John Adams and the Federalists, and they used Independence Day as a way to prop up their party's leader, Thomas Jefferson, and diminish their rival. In response, the Federalists correctly argued that Thomas Jefferson was only one member of the five-member committee that drafted the Declaration, and they claimed that the few passages attributed to him were pulled almost verbatim from writings of John Locke and others.

But after America's War of 1812 with Great Britain, the Federalist Party faded, and eventually ceased to exist. The two-party system that would emerge, the Whigs and the Jacksonians, claimed to be the offspring of the Democratic-Republican Party. Political opposition to the narrative that Thomas Jefferson was the sole author was gone, and this is when the Declaration of Independence began its journey in becoming the sacred scripture of American independence.

But as the 1820s approached, a new generation of Americans became interested in the country's birth. Again, Pauline Mayer.

And how did he get this job? A few years after the end of the American Revolutionary War, John Trumbull was in Paris working on a painting when he connected with Thomas Jefferson, who was there serving as the American minister to France. It was during this time, in 1786, that Trumbull worked with Thomas Jefferson on an early sketch of the drafting committee presenting the Declaration of Independence to Congress. Jefferson would go on to recommend Trumbull to take on the task of documenting the American Revolution through art.

Thomas Jefferson's notes claim that it happened on the 4th of July, a date that made for a neat and tidy story.

Now, that, of course, biases what we know. The survivors told the story. And you have to take what they said and look at them against harder evidence from early on to sort of assess what's reliable.

But if you're not sold yet, we also have kitchen tips like a foolproof way to grill the perfect burger, and must-have products like the best cast iron skillet. to feel like a chef in your own kitchen. All you need to do is sign up at katiecouric.com slash goodtaste. That's K-A-T-I-E-C-O-U-R-I-C dot com. slash goodtaste.

I promise your taste buds will be happy you did.

I'm Ben Adefhafry, host of the history podcast The Last Archive, and I want to tell you about a new series running in our feed. It's called The Deadline, and it features six essays written and read by Jill Lepore, the New Yorker writer, American historian, and founding host of our show. These are incredible essays on everything from the history of cryogenics to the Silicon Valley gospel of disruption. And at the end of each essay, I interview Jill about her craft as a writer and how she's thinking about the themes of these essays. now.

We talk Frankenstein. We talk writing leads. We talk Barbie. We talk Doctor Who. This is a crazy origin story.

I don't think I've ever told this before. I really loved having these conversations with Jill, and it was a rare chance to talk to her about how she goes about reading, writing, and the work of history. You can listen to The Deadline on The Last Archive feed, on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

My name is Michael Wolff, and I'm the host of Fire and Fury, the podcast. Not too long ago, I saw Donald Trump, and he shouted, Hey, Michael, I made you rich. And the truth is, my three books about Trump, they have sold a lot of copies. It all started eight years ago. I found myself in Donald Trump's Beverly Hills home, sharing Häagen-Dazs ice cream with him.

I asked him, why was he running for president? And he answered, without missing a beat, because I want to be the most famous man in the world. Since then, I've become a go-to person when Trump and those around him want to talk. And now, every week, I'm going to share those insider stories with you. Listen to Fire and Fury, the podcast, on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

I'm Jacob Goldstein. I used to host a show called Planet Money. Now, I'm starting a new show. It's called What's Your Problem? Every week, on What's Your Problem, entrepreneurs and engineers describe the future they're going to build once they solve a few problems.

How do you build a drone delivery business from scratch? Our customers, they want us to do this unbelievably reliably, in the storms, no matter what, hundreds of times a day. How do you turn a wild dream about a new kind of biology into a $10 billion company? We didn't have a particular technology. We didn't have a way of making money.

It was a great way to start a company. I highly recommend it. How do you sell millions of dollars worth of dog ramps for wiener dogs in the middle of a pandemic? We're working with 400 influencers, and the majority of them are actually not a person, but it's actually a dog. I can tell you right now, the dog ramp guy has some very interesting problems.

Listen to What's Your Problem on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Hey, fam. I'm Simone Boyce. I'm Danielle Robay. And we're the hosts of The Bright Side, the daily podcast from Hello Sunshine.

that's guaranteed to light up your day. Every weekday, we bring you conversations with the culture makers who inspire us. Like a recent episode with comedians, writers, and partners in life, Tig Notaro and Stephanie Allen. I felt like I discovered my sexuality late. I now look back and go, God, I wasn't that old.

And I think people carry a lot of shame and guilt for not having figured things out, and then they feel like it's too late to start or try or change things. And we both, I think, were really drawn to just that idea of going, you know what? You can do whatever you want, whenever, and your life will be forever greater for having done it. Listen to The Bright Side from Hello Sunshine on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

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There was, of course, slavery, but there were free blacks at the birth of the nation as well. Some owned land, homes, businesses, and a rare few even owned slaves. In a few northern cities, black property owners voted. And all whites didn't miraculously have equal status. after the American Revolution.

When Americans first voted for president in 1789, only 6% of the population could vote. Voting was not expanded to all white men until as late as 1856.. And for others, it would come much later than that. And that is because when the founders approved the wording of the Declaration of Independence, they did not mean each individual man was created equal. They meant the colonists as a whole had the same rights to self-governance as Great Britain.

But as time passed, the wording of the Declaration would be reinterpreted.

From the 1830s and beyond, the contradiction between what the founders declared and how the country was being governed was hotly debated. And that's when the Declaration of Independence started to take an entirely new importance. And meaning. Again, the late Pauline Mayer.

And it became denied. Now, if you were an American who had been raised to hold these traditions and this document with a certain amount of reverence, this was offensive. And certainly those who found slavery itself offensive sprung to the defense of the Declaration of Independence. And it became very central to the debates. It was, in part, the attacks on the Declaration of Independence, I think, that brought Abraham Lincoln back into politics.

. Here you.

And he goes back.

At this point, Lincoln, he's really building on the debates that he's encountered. Indeed, members of the Republican Party have taken the Declaration of Independence as a statement of their founding principles. So he's part of a group of people. He's not isolated. That's very important to know.

And he builds on arguments that he's encountered that have been made by others. And he reinterprets the document. What does it mean that all men are created equal? What does it mean that all men are created equal? Well, he made sense of it by taking the first statement and aligning it with the second.

All men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights. He confuses it, too. He says the founders did not say that men are created identical in their appearance, or their talents or their physical strength. They are equal in rights. This, he says, the founders said, and this they meant.

Whether that's what the Declaration said is open to contest, but it doesn't matter. It made sense of the document. And it made it rather more like a Bill of Rights and a message important for not just black Americans, but for.

July 4th, Independence Day, was officially made a federal holiday in 1870.

. In 1876, at the 100 year anniversary of the nation, the United States government began treating the Declaration of Independence with the care we'd expect today. When officials looked to put it on display for that bicentennial celebration, they retrieved the original document from a wall in the.

And then they got tired of pulling it out, so they pasted it up on a wall.

Which leads us back to the question, does America really need two independence holidays? The answer is no, because the Declaration of Independence, the same document we celebrate on the 4th of July, was used to free the.

That all men are created equal. That they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. That among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Lincoln used this argument in his famous debates with Stephen Douglas. When his army won the pivotal battle of Gettysburg, they woke up after their victory to the morning of July 4th, 1863..

Almost divine providence. Lincoln returned to Gettysburg later that year and used the Declaration of Independence to rally his Union forces.

I'm apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations from one end of the continent to the other from this time forward.

Thanks for listening.

Hi, everyone. It's me, Katie Couric. You know, if you've been following me on social media, you know I love to cook, or at least try, especially alongside some of my favorite chefs and foodies, like Benny Blanco, Jake Cohen, Lighty Hoik, Alison Roman, and Ina Garten. So, I started a free newsletter called Good Taste to share recipes, tips, and kitchen must-haves. Just sign up at katiecouric.com slash goodtaste.

That's k-a-t-i-e-c-o-u-r-i-c dot. com. slash goodtaste. I promise, your taste buds will be happy you did.

I'm Jacob Goldstein. I used to host Planet Money. Now, I'm starting a new show. It's called What's Your Problem? Every week on What's Your Problem, entrepreneurs and engineers describe the future they're going to build.

once they solve a few problems. I'm talking to people trying to figure out how to do things that no one on the planet knows how to do, from creating a drone delivery business to building a car that can truly drive itself. Listen to What's Your Problem on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts.

Hey, fam! I'm Simone Boyce. And I'm Danielle Robais. And we're the hosts of The Bright Side, the podcast from Hello Sunshine. that's guaranteed to light up your day.

Check out our recent episode with comedians,

These are incredible essays on everything from the history of cryogenics to the Silicon Valley gospel of disruption. And at the end of each essay, I interview Jill about her craft as a writer. You can listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on today's most important health issues. Through in-depth conversations with experts from across the healthcare community, WebMD reveals how today's health news will impact your life tomorrow. It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and we're struggling to try to help people help themselves and each other. Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or wherever you get your podcasts.