Why So Many Buildings Collapsed in Turkey
2023-02-28 00:22:27
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From The New York Times I'm Sabrina Tavernissi and this is the Daily.
The scale of death in the earthquake in Turkey and Syria is now raising questions about who is to blame in Turkey. The government has placed that blame squarely on builders and property developers, accusing them of choosing profits over safety. But the reality is far more complicated.
Today, my colleague Ben Hubbard on why? A good part of the responsibility may rest with the Turkish government itself.
It's Tuesday, February 28th.
So, Ben, we're now at more than 50,000 dead in the earthquake in Turkey and Syria. And for weeks, the question we've all been asking is, how is it possible that so many people could have died? You've been investigating that question in Turkey, where the loss of life was by far the greatest. Tell us what you've learned so far.
The first thing we need to acknowledge is that this was a very powerful quake and it hit large territory. So that's what we're starting with. And when I got to the earthquake zone after this had happened, one of the first things that struck me is that not everything is knocked down. You have this sort of puzzling mosaic of some areas where the buildings, at least from the outside, look more or less fine. And then all of a sudden you'll find one that's completely flat.
There was one particular site that we went to where there was a work crew working trying to clean up the rubble. And there just happened to be a bunch of volunteer construction workers who were standing around, sort of willing to help out. They were there with their hard hats and their equipment and they were inspecting the site. And they were commenting on how the rebar that was there looked like it was poor quality.
The cement looks like it was kind of weak. One of the guys literally walked over and picked up this big chunk of concrete and sort of tore it apart with his hands. And they were just all clicking their tongues and just really asking like, what happened here? Like, what was wrong with these buildings that fell down, what was built?
Then this wondering about these buildings just turns into anger.
Almost a week after the earthquakes, the blame game begins.
And the government responds, and they respond by going after the builders.
Turkish authorities have issued arrest warrants for over 100 people. They include contractors, architects and engineers accused of shoddy and illegal construction.
They start by arresting construction contractors, people who were linked to some of these buildings. Two property developers have reportedly been arrested at airports accused of trying to flee the country. We've seen people who have been sort of perp, walked on national television with their handcuffs on, sort of marching into the police car.
So far, 188 people arrested, but more than 600 people have now been identified as potential suspects in relation to those allegations of construction negligence.
So the government is really putting the focus on the construction, people saying that, you know, these people are the problem, they're the ones who put up these buildings that weren't strong enough.
OK, so the government is cracking down on the people it says are the guilty parties, in other words, the builders.
Right, but it turns out it's, it's much, much more complicated than that. I mean, we, me and my colleagues here in Istanbul started looking into this, investigating who these people were, how the industry works and just trying to figure out. You know how they built and what were the problems? Why were there buildings that came down and other ones that didn't? And I was still very early in the process.
It's difficult to sort of even identify some of these buildings and figure out who was responsible for them, who built them. But what we found is that the story really starts back in 1999, this was when you had the last really massive earthquake in Turkey.
Desperate rescue efforts were underway in western Turkey today after a massive earthquake.
This is a very powerful earthquake that hits the city of Izmit, which is not far from Istanbul. Some buildings swayed and survived, while others collapsed, according to local people. This one here may have fallen because the top two stories were jerry built without official permission.
There's huge, huge damage to the city, you know, collapsed buildings and people buried, and it's just really, it's just a terrible situation. It kills more than 17,000 people, and the government is just wildly lambasted for its response.
This is do-it-yourself rescue, and it is chaos. There's just this sense that they had no ability to respond in time to get rescuers, to get aid in place for survivors. But as their shock wears off, the people's anger is starting to show legal action. A few years later, we have this huge economic crisis that really hits people's pocketbooks.
The idea of just the country being so vulnerable to this terrible natural disaster, plus all of the economic pain of this crisis. Just creates this huge anger at the government that had been in place at the time.
And this new party, called the Justice and Development Party, sort of rides this wave of anger.
What you're telling me with this welcome, with this interest, is that Turkey will go after the November elections.
They really campaigned on this idea that they were going to be more competent, less corrupt, and more transparent than the previous guys. I mean, the basic idea was that the previous parties had messed everything up. And we're going to come in and we're going to do a much, much better job. The Justice and Development Party won an overwhelming victory in Sunday's national elections. Enough voters believed that that they brought them into the parliament. And they ended up with the ability in 2003 to name the prime minister, and they chose at that time, this up and coming politician named Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
So Recep Tayyip Erdogan, who's been running the country for 20 years now. He really rises to power in a lot of ways. Off the back of this bungled political response from the previous government.
It definitely contributes to his rise and then, you know, in the next number of years, the country really takes off.
Green fields on the outskirts of Istanbul, fields that will soon be transformed into a massive building site. There's great economic growth, and a large part of that is really this idea of sort of build, build, build. The skyline is changing rapidly as the city grows upwards and outwards, everything is going higher, faster and further.
When new buildings replace the old, a different economic class will move. Here, there's large parts of society that rise into the middle class. There'll be upmarket properties designed to appeal to Turkey's burgeoning middle classes. This idea that, you know, you, as a Turkish family, can sort of have your own apartment in a nice city. And this becomes a reality for huge parts of the population that were, before, you know, quite impoverished. New shopping malls are opening up on an almost monthly basis.
And there's just construction happening everywhere at this point, and there's plenty of land waiting for development.
So Erdogan's solution, after the 1999 earthquake and economic crisis is to actually invest in building and development as a way to revive Turkey's economy.
Right, but the dark side of all this construction is that Turkey has very, very active fault lines in large parts of the country.
It has histories of earthquakes going back as long as there is recorded history, and really every reason to believe that there will be future powerful earthquakes. So one of the things that the government is doing is really trying to reform how buildings are built. Upgrading building codes, upgrading standards for materials to try to ensure that the new buildings that are built are going to be able to withstand earthquakes.
Right, because they don't want the buildings to collapse like they did in 1999..
Yes, and so they've done things like upgrading the engineering calculations that you have to do to decide how much structure you need to support a building of a certain size. There's been work on the standards for what kind of materials you use, whether it's concrete or iron or rebar or these sorts of things. And upgrading this basically as the technology develops. And you know, this process has been going on for a long time. But where Turkey's at now? Everybody that we talked to basically said the codes are world-class.
Theoretically, these codes are some of the best that you could come up with to create earthquake-proof buildings. But when we've started looking into this in the last two weeks, what really became clear is that in a lot of cases, they're just not followed.
Hold on. So the Turkish government realizes there's a risk to all this construction. They upgrade their building codes, but why aren't people following them?
Part of it is that in the midst of this building boom, there's this kind of Wild West atmosphere that emerges. So you ended up having huge problems in the inspections regime, ideally, to make sure that the rules are followed. You're going to have smart, independent inspectors going out, looking at the sites, finding out where things are not being done correctly or poor materials are being used. And in a lot of cases, this is just not happening. There was a practice of construction companies being able to hire private inspection companies to come out to their sites and do the inspections.
Private inspection companies. Isn't that the government's job?
Of course, it should be the government's job, but they were able to hire these private companies, and private inspection companies want to keep getting work. And if they get a reputation for shutting down people's projects, they're not going to get hired anymore. So they sort of have an incentive to approve projects that maybe they should not.
And wow, that's a complete conflict of interest, right? That's crazy.
Well, it gets, it gets even worse than that, because in some cases, according to a lot of the industry professionals we talked to. Construction companies would actually set up their own inspection companies so they would effectively be hiring themselves to inspect their own projects.
So the government just completely abdicated responsibility for this really important function.
I would say there were significant holes in the checks that were put in place to ensure that these codes were followed. And the result of that is that there were buildings that went up that were not nearly as strong as they should have been.
We'll be right back.
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So Ben, you've just finished telling us that Turkey's earthquake codes were really world-class, but they weren't really enforced. So is Erdogan just fine with all of this? Like, isn't he worried that this could come back to bite him?
Yeah, I mean, you would think, because of his history, that, you know of all the politicians in Turkey. He would be incredibly attuned to the tremendous power that earthquakes have to affect politics. But there hasn't been a whole lot of sign of that, and, in fact, this government has been quite cavalier about it. I mean, over the years, they've pushed through these things that are known as building amnesties.
What are they?
So there are lots of buildings in Turkey that are not up to code, and over time the government becomes aware of these. Either inspectors find that, you know, somebody has enclosed their balcony without a permit, somebody has added a few floors to their building, perhaps to earn a bit of extra rent money. Somebody has decided to sell the ground floor to some business who cuts out some of the pillars to get more space. And this comes to the government's attention, either because inspectors find it, or because the neighbors sue.
So you have these cases of code violations that just pile up and pile up. And every once in a while, the government basically issues an amnesty where they wipe the slate clean. The way that it works is that if you have been reported for having done something to your building that violates the code, you pay a fine. And in a lot of cases, people don't even have to fix what it is that they had the code violation for. Even if it's something like cutting the ground floor pillars of a building, which could very much make it more vulnerable than an earthquake.
So basically, the government is waiving all of these violations, despite the fact that they could lead to some pretty dangerous situations.
Right?
So, on top of the fact that the system of building inspections is pretty spotty. Even when the inspections do turn something up and they find violations of the building code, the government sometimes just forgives them why?
Well, there's a number of reasons. First is that the government earns money off of it. I mean, everybody who has code violations that they want forgiven, they pay a fine. In the most recent amnesty, this ended up bringing more than $4 billion into the government purse. So, you know, there's a reason that the government likes it.
And voters really like it. People invest money in property, you know, if you're a hardworking Turkish family and you've taken your savings and you've bought a family apartment or a family home. The last thing you want is for the government to find a code violation and condemn the building or knock it down because you're going to lose your investment. So people love these things, and this is why they tend to happen during elections.
The most recent one was put in place during the presidential election in 2018.
And the year after, Erdogan goes on the campaign trail in local elections and is basically bragging about it to people saying, Look at this great thing that we did in this town. We forgave x number of code violations, and, you know, portraying this as this great service that we've done to the people. And ultimately, this most recent round of amnesty, they ended up forgiving code violations on more than 7 million units across the country.
Which sounds like a lot of units, is it? How do I understand that number?
Yeah, I mean, it's a country of about 80 million people, so yeah, 7 million units, it's a lot of units.
But weren't people worried about the safety of their homes?
I mean, there are definitely people who are concerned, you know? There's a whole group of seismologists in Turkey who have really been sounding the alarm. And making it very clear that, according to all of the science, it's just only a matter of time before more powerful earthquakes hit Turkey. I think a lot of them feel like nobody really listens to them. You do have inspectors, you do have engineers and people pointing things out. I mean, there was a couple that we interviewed two lawyers who had filed 51 court cases in their town because they thought that he was violating the code. All over the place.
So there were definitely people who were looking out for this. But there's something that I think is just human nature in thinking about something like an earthquake that nobody knows when it's going to happen. It could happen tomorrow, it could happen next week, it could happen 100 years from now.
I think it's sometimes hard, before the actual earthquake comes, for people to conceive what it's going to look like and what it's going to mean for their lives. It allows people to kind of go along with this magical thinking of, like, maybe we'll just dodge the bullet.
Like, it's a distant danger, not an immediate one. And therefore, I'm going to think about it on a different day, I'm not going to think about it today.
I mean, it's not unlike climate change in that it's this danger that people know is sort of looming in the future. But even if you're convinced that it's there, it's still in your daily life. Feels kind of remote, and in the meantime, you have other things to worry about. That feel much more pressing. It's human nature to focus on the things that are right before you.
Right, but it's incumbent on government to actually force people to do the right thing, right collectively. But in this case, the Turkish government didn't.
It actually made things worse, which leads me back to Erdogan. He's arrested these builders, but what about him? Will he and his party have to pay a price for this?
Well, the big test is going to be elections. There are parliamentary and presidential elections expected in May, and these are crucial for him. I mean, he would like to stay in power. He's been having a hard time in the polls this year, largely because of economic troubles.
At home, lots of voters were quite mad at the way that he had been running the country before the earthquake even hit. And then they have this huge natural disaster that's killed all these people. And it's hard to see how that benefits him at all in this election. And so almost every day he's been down in the earthquake zone with this very grave look on his face, wearing this long black coat. Meeting with people who were living in tent cities, meeting with earthquake victims and seeing the rubble.
And, you know, really showing this kind of tangible connection with this disaster that's gone on. And we're going to have to wait and see how that really resonates with voters. He has not spoken much about everything that we've been talking about. How did all these buildings end up getting built that didn't seem like they were done right to withstand an earthquake? The most that he said is we as a country have things that we need to learn from this disaster and we should do better in the future.
That's kind of as much as we've gotten. But interestingly, what he's promised, I think the biggest promise that he's made to his people is that we're going to rebuild. Basically, there's going to be more construction, he said that we're going to start in March, and he wants to rebuild homes for all these people within a year. I mean, which is quite remarkable and incredibly ambitious promise.
So instead of saying we need enforcement, we really need to look at how we're doing this. He's saying construction is the answer.
Yeah, there's really a doubling down on this policy. That's been such a large part of his tenure. It's still build, build, build, that's the solution. And, you know, Erdogan has proven over the 20 years that he's been on the national stage as a survivor. He's a very deft politician.
And, you know, even with a challenge as large as an earthquake of this magnitude. There's a chance that he's going to push through and that he's going to find a way to win this election.
But there's really also this sense of history echoing itself that, you know. It was a catastrophic earthquake that helped fuel Erdogan's rise to the national stage. And here we are 20 years later. And it's another catastrophic earthquake that he's got to face now and that, in a lot of ways, could really imperil his political future.
Ben, Thank you.
Thank you.
We'll be right back.
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Here's what else you should know today. On Monday, Rupert Murdoch, chairman of the conservative media empire that owns Fox News, acknowledged that several hosts for his networks promoted the false narrative that the 2020 election was stolen from former President Donald Trump. In court documents released on Monday that are part of a lawsuit by Dominion Voting Systems, Murdoch said that Fox hosts Sean Hannity, Jeanine Pirro, Lou Dobbs and Maria Bartiromo. Quote endorsed the false theory, he said. Quote I would have liked us to be stronger in denouncing it in hindsight.
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